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Learning by Doing: A Different Kind of Graduate School for Blockchain

It was on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2018 that a young entrepreneur from the People’s Republic of China came up to me and said, “I really liked what you said during your panel. Would you like to be regional COO of our blockchain company?” It was a strange way of onboarding but bitcoin was at $20,000 and, because I was on sabbatical, I answered with an emphatic “Yes.” We settled on an adviser role for a few months, and so began my mad dash into the “space.”

This post is part of CoinDesk’s universities package. James Cooper is professor of Law and Director of International Studies at California Western School of Law in San Diego, where he recently served as associate dean of Experiential Learning.

In fairness, I knew a little bit about disruptive technologies but dove into the rabbit hole, reading white papers, listening to podcasts, practicing questions like, “What’s your transactions per second?” and using expressions like, “We can build a dapp for that.” Frankly, I learned that business development people, marketing gurus and alignment specialists who did not have engineering backgrounds knew about as much as I did.

It was classic “learning by doing,” a methodology I had pioneered for two decades building trial advocacy and other skills training programs for the legal reform movement that had swept Latin America as it returned to democratic governance. Leapfrog technologies like case management software, ballistics and DNA testing were revolutionary as that continent transitioned from the Inquisitorial model to the adversarial model in criminal procedure. But nothing prepared me for the baptism by fire that I encountered in the blockchain sector.

Having trained as a lawyer was of great assistance, particularly because so many blockchain enthusiasts and entrepreneurs may have been simultaneously breaking securities law, immigration law, corporate law, tax law and labor law. It was like one big issue-spotting examination. But the technical issues were far beyond my comfort zone. For that I relied on my new mentor, my boss from China who was literally half my age. Working with him was part Master’s degree in disruptive industries, part cultural competencies crash course, and part internship in Chinese regulation. He taught me about POW, POS, PBFT and a host of other acronyms that transcended continents, economic models and generation gaps. I taught him how to tie a Windsor knot for his formal look, something we needed to do even if we were in this sector. The bankers, lawyers, accountants and foundation presidents we met still liked formality.

Read more: Do You Need to Go to College to Get a Job in Crypto? | David Z. Morris

For years, the dynamics behind the supply chain involving China could have meant that some child laborer was involved in the manufacturing process. This story is the opposite. Up until two weeks ago when China finally banned all things crypto – although the truth is that the authorities there had long banned the industry – the kids from China have not just been making our consumer goods, but creating the foundations for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. And they were readying their generation to lead it.

The work hours were almost the same as the Shenzhen sweatshops of old – grueling days, but Eric, then 27 years old, did not toil away for a few dollars a day; as the company’s CTO, he was leading software developing with teams around the globe. Suddenly, he was thrust into the role of CEO and our timetables got even shorter. We would pitch our team as networking from Beijing, Boston and Bangalore although the Indian team was really working out of Jaipur. Alliteration sells.

We scoured the globe for engineering teams in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Vietnam, to no avail. Technology was fast eclipsing finance, giving an advantage of technology-centric leadership rather than the money folks calling the shots. At the Cardinal Pitch Club at Stanford University’s Faculty Club in March 2018, everyone confirmed that funding was not an issue confronting emerging technology startups – getting the right technologists was. It was no surprise then that signing bonuses were de rigueur and competition among projects intense. So was burnout.

These new kids on the blockchain were the rock stars of their generation. They were in their late 20s and early 30s, smart, beautiful and rich – well, much of it in crypto. They did not think twice about going to an airport and getting on a plane to Shanghai, Singapore, New York or Davos without advanced airline reservations. They had not yet arrived at the stage of throwing TV sets out of hotel windows, but I did encourage it a few times. Even electrical engineers need to let loose every now and then. These kids did not have a tattoo among them. There was no time for such needless diversions. They had some coding to do.

Read More: The Top Universities for Blockchain by CoinDesk 2021

For the rest of us, it was about helping organize and regularize their affairs – protecting the company’s intellectual property (even if much of it was open source), building culturally sensitive marketing plans that span the hemispheres and growing investor relations teams. The promise of going to the mainnet (an independent blockchain running its own network with its own technology and protocol), getting listed on an exchange or two and finding test cases to tout were sometimes not enough. In 2018, with every fraudster and their mother attempting an initial coin offering, many Silicon Valley law firms would not return calls from crypto startups, all of which were seen a potential problematic clients, even if they paid retainers on time. As the designated adult on the team (principally signaled by being a graying white guy with a salt and pepper beard), I could get us meetings, particularly because some of my former students were now partners at reputable law firms and others principals at venture capital firms and accelerator funds.

None of the folks with whom I worked are at the company now. There has been turbulent turnover, but the lessons learned have stuck: work hard, innovate and find a real problem that needs solving. None of that involved going to university or graduate school (except for the engineers). For those who do go, they are delaying the inevitable – doing it on the fly, hopefully with some ethics and professionalism. It is rarely like the simulations or case studies in the textbooks we use in class.

When folks ask me how to learn about the space and get one’s chops, I always tell them to find a mentor, especially one who is younger and from a land far, far away. I learned about hybrid consensus protocols and in exchange these kids learned how to fill out expense reports, engage with legacy technology leaders, encourage regulatory clarity and earn airline reward miles. What I came to understand about these young Chinese technology entrepreneurs is that they are huge fans of U.S. popular culture. When I suggested we title an event we were coordinating “This Ain’t Your Mama’s Blockchain,” a sister company leader answered me on WeChat with a simple “Dope.”

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Author: James Cooper

Indian TikTok competitor Chingari raises $19 million to develop a ‘social token’

Chingari, an Indian short-form video sharing platform, announced Friday that it raised $19 million in venture funding and plans to launch its own social token, $GARI, on the Solana blockchain. 

Republic Crypto, Galaxy Digital, Alameda Research, Solana Capital, Kraken, Blackpine, NGC, Coinfund, LD Capital, Borderless Capital, AU21, Cultur3 Capital, Long Term Ventures, Afton Capital, CSP DAO and around 15 others participated in Chingari’s funding round. 

The Indian startup intends to use the funds to continue building the infrastructure for its $GARI token, which allows creators on the platform to establish an e-commerce storefront for their physical merchandise, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) or direct payments from fans. 

Users will receive $GARI tokens if they watch or upload content on the platform, Chingari CEO Sumit Ghosh told The Block. These tokens can then be used to unlock a creator’s special content or to buy a voice or video call with a creator. In addition, individuals can use $GARI to buy or sell videos on the platform — which will all become NFTs on the Solana blockchain. 

“The future of a platform lies in its creators,” said Ghosh in a statement. “On one side, we have an immense talent pool that needs to be explored, and rewarded with an ethical amount of monetization. On the other side, while crypto experiences a rapid expansion in India, $GARI is poised to make it mainstream. We are infusing the two, through robust strategies and incorporation of the most-promising industry advances.”

Chingari currently has 80 million users. It helped fill the short-form video void when the Indian Ministry of Electronics & IT banned the more popular app TikTok, which has over 1 billion users, in June of this year.

© 2021 The Block Crypto, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.

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Author: MK Manoylov

New NFT marketplace takes direct aim at OpenSea — with a token

The latest entrant to the red-hot market for non-fungible token trading has a plan to compete directly with market-leading Opensea for users. The team behind the project, called Infinity is also hoping that a token and some well-followed backers will help it take on its larger rival. 

Infinity — which officially launched today — is branding itself as the “FTX of NTFs,” alluding to its desire to serve as a community-driven, anti-establishment alternative to more mainstream NFT platforms.  

Already, some large NFT influencers, including NFT whale 0x_b1, have backed the project. 

Competing with OpenSea won’t be easy, as users have flocked to the a16z-backed platform. The marketplace clocked in more than $2.72 billion in monthly trading volumes in September, according to data compiled by The Block. It also has a $100 million war chest from its recent fundraise and recently launched a mobile application. It also has a wide range of prominent investors including Naval Ravikant, Mark Cuban, and Alexis Ohanian.

But OpenSea has also faced its fair share of setbacks, including bugs and the exit of a longtime executive who traded NFTs using insider knowledge. 

Vampire airdrop

Infinity has aspirations to eat into some of those volumes by airdropping its tokens to users of OpenSea. “10% of the governance token supply ($NFT) will be distributed to existing OpenSea users who transacted before October 4th, 2021 11:59PM UTC,” according to press materials shared with The Block. 

“The airdrop amount is based on tiers derived from OpenSea transaction volumes. The airdrop becomes claimable after transaction activity on the Infinity marketplace within a 30 day period. The token is transferable once the 30 day period has completed.”

In a sense, the project is taking a page out of the playbook of SushiSwap, the automated market maker SushiSwap. SushiSwap — which is a clone fork of Uniswap — launched a so-called vampire attack to woo more than $1 billion worth of liquidity from its much-larger rival. To use SushiSwap, users had to deposits Uniswap LP tokens, which quickly siphoned off a large portion of Uniswap liquidity.

Similar to Sushi, Infinity is modeling itself off of OpenSea, reusing some of its smart contracts.

Overall, we expect to be at feature parity with OpenSea on the marketplace,” the project’s co-founder Garret Allan said. “However, we plan to build a platform that incorporates more integrations and tools for evaluating, providing liquidity, and adding more utility to NFTs.”

Still, reusing OpenSea’s smart contracts didn’t make sense to one market insider who said that they were built on old Solidity. It could possibly open the door to OpenSea targeting the project. 

“The contracts are audited/verified, which means there’s more trust in using them and OpenSea users don’t need to re-initialize their wallets or tokens if they’ve already listed, which means they don’t have to pay gas fees to list and can keep their NFTs listed on OpenSea as our platform grows,” Allan said. 

© 2021 The Block Crypto, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.

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Author: Frank Chaparro

South Korean financial regulators move forward on crypto taxation and exchange oversight

According to a report this week from the Korea Times, South Korea’s financial leadership is fighting to implement crypto taxation on time. 

The Finance Ministry has already pushed back a 20% tax on gains of over 2.5 million won ($2,100 USD) from October 1 to January 1. 

Further delays threaten enforcement actions, according to Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Hong Nam-ki.  The opposition party, however, is still looking to push back on the January 1 start date, claiming that the existing taxation mechanism is not ready. 

The local Financial Services Commission is also said to be looking into token listing and delisting practices. Chairman Koh Seung-beom is particularly concerned with the 4 trillion won ($3.35 billion USD) that dominant exchange Upbit has received in listing fees. 

South Korea’s crypto trading market has historically been significant in size, especially proportionate to the country’s population. Regulators and lawmakers have been paying more and more attention to the area, especially leveraged trading. The South Korean branches of several major international crypto exchanges like OKEx and Binance have also left the country in the past year. 

© 2021 The Block Crypto, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.

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Author: Kollen Post

Layer by Layer Issue 10: Avalanche, Tezos, Fantom, Algorand, and Polkadot

Quick Take

  • In this weekly series, we dive into some of the most interesting data and developments across the Layer 1 blockchain landscape, from DeFi and bridges to network activity and funding
  • The L1 landscape has changed dramatically over the past three months, and protocols within individual ecosystems continue to compete for liquidity, utilizing incentives, creative launch strategies, and new products to attract users
  • This week, we take a look at Avalanche, Tezos, Fantom, Algorand, and Polkadot

This research piece is available to
members of The Block Genesis.
You can continue reading
this Genesis research on The Block.

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Author: Kevin Peng

Ether whale Andrew Keys on building products in an uncertain regulatory environment


DARMA Capital’s Andrew Keys is a believer in the disruptive power of Ethereum, but he’s also concerned that regulators may stand in the way of it.

Digital Asset Risk Management Advisors, or DARMA for short, is an investment firm with more than $1 billion of assets under management. DARMA currently holds over 10,000 validators at over 320,000 Ether, Keys told host Frank Chaparro on this episode of The Scoop.

“And that’s staking kind of an institutional-grade, generating tremendous yield,” said Keys.

Keys talked about the firm’s journey since launching with just $100 million under management in 2019. He also looked forward, saying that despite the potential use cases of Ethereum and decentralized finance, regulatory headwinds might make it difficult for institutions to engage directly with the market. 

“I think we are about to witness a regulatory environment that is excruciatingly painful and that is a result of being able to go create a wallet, go on to a decentralized exchange, have a million dollars of X and trade it for a million dollars of Y with no KYC, no accreditation at investor accreditation. And I think that until we start solving some of those problems and self-regulating and complying, the decentralized nature of blockchain is under imminent threat.”

In this episode Keys also discusses:

  • Why the cryptocurrency market is impacted by global market events such as the Evergrande meltdown
  • How the market has evolved since Keys’ early days at Ethereum development studio ConsenSys 
  • Tailwinds for Ethereum and headwinds for Bitcoin
  • What’s behind the market success of competitive Layer-One protocols 
  • The growth of the market for non-fungible tokens

© 2021 The Block Crypto, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.

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Author: Frank Chaparro

Blockchain.com CEO: London’s reign as fintech capital is ‘definitely over’

Peter Smith, co-founder and CEO of crypto wallet firm Blockchain.com, claimed yesterday that London’s reign as the world’s fintech capital is over thanks to the impact of Brexit.

Speaking at the Token2049 conference in London, Smith said that from Blockchain.com’s vantage as a venture capital investor — through its subsidiary Blockchain Ventures — more crypto startups appear to be setting up shop in Europe in the aftermath of Brexit.

The key reason for that, according to Smith, is that it is no longer possible for companies to use licences offered by United Kingdom regulators to “passport” their services into other parts of Europe. Blockchain.com itself is opening an office in Germany to get around the issue.

The net effect of this, according to Smith, is that London is no longer the fintech hub of the world or indeed Europe. “With the Brexit, that’s definitely over,” he said.

The notion of London as a fintech hub first emerged during George Osborne’s tenure as chancellor. He rolled out a series of pro-fintech policies and, in 2015, launched the lobby group Innovate Finance. Some of London’s biggest fintech lenders and neobanks emerged during this period. 

Fundraising season

Blockchain Ventures has invested in some 35 crypto startups, including Blockdaemon, BCB Group and Figure.

Its parent company Blockchain.com has raised $420 million across two rounds in 2021 alone, the most recent of which valued the company at $5.2 billion.

But Smith said on the panel that the firm has also secured in the region of $2 billion in debt financing. “Which I think makes us one of the most highly financed startups in Europe,” he added.

© 2021 The Block Crypto, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.

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Author: Ryan Weeks

US-listed mining firms have hoarded over $1 billion worth of bitcoin

Several publicly listed bitcoin mining firms in North America have collectively stockpiled over 20,000 BTC, worth over $1.1 billion at current prices.

Based on their latest monthly production data released recently, Riot, Marathon, Bitfarms, Hut8, Greenidge, Argo, and HIVE have mined a total of 6,463 BTC in Q3, which accounted for about 7.5% of the total BTC block rewards up for grab during the period.

On average, the Q3 bitcoin mining production of Riot, Marathon, Bitfarms, Hut8, Argo, and HIVE is about 82% higher than their Q2 numbers, thanks to their equipment expansion and waning competition from Chinese miners after the country’s recent crackdown.

New York-based Greenidge went public in Q3 of this year via a SPAC deal and therefore has only disclosed its production and earnings for the quarter. BIT Digital, the only North American bitcoin mining firm that had operations in China and was affected by China’s crackdown, has yet to update its Q3 numbers.

Cleanspark is a new entrant this year in the North American bitcoin mining market. Besides Cleanspark, BIT Digital and Greenidge, the other firms have added all their mined BTC year-to-date to their balance sheets and now jointly hold 20,459 BTC, including 4,812 BTC of Marathon that it bought from the secondary market earlier this year.

Bitcoin-backed loans

Since these companies now hold their mined bitcoin on their balance sheets and have not liquidated it, they need to ensure they have enough funds to pay utility bills, pre-order new equipment, or expand their facilities amid an infrastructure boom in North America. To that end, some of these companies are borrowing capital.

For instance, Argo Blockchain recently pledged some of its mined BTC as collateral to Galaxy Digital for a loan of $25 million. Marathon recently obtained a $100 million revolving line of credit from Silvergate Bank secured by its BTC and cash reserves. Hut8 borrowed $12 million earlier this year from DCG’s Foundry to fuel its equipment expansion.

This strategy is similar to what Chinese bitcoin miners had been doing since early 2019, betting on the upside of BTC’s growth while bearing an interest rate. They also took the risk of their collateral being force-liquidated during extreme market volatility, such as in March 2020. A similar situation could occur for U.S. miners if the crypto market were to plunge. 

But in addition to loans, U.S.-listed miners have also turned to the public market this year to increase their working capital and fuel expansion plans.

Last month, Hut8 and Argo raised $150 million and $112 million, respectively, through public offerings, and BIT Digital closed an $80 million private placement recently.

Earlier this year, Bitfarms raised $30 million in a private placement from U.S. institutions. And Nasdaq-listed Cleanspark netted $200 million in a public offering as the firm entered the bitcoin mining space.

© 2021 The Block Crypto, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.

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Author: Wolfie Zhao

Notorious art forger Wolfgang Beltracchi enters the NFT world

Wolfgang Beltracchi, one of the most infamous art forgers of all time, has entered the unforgeable world of non-fungible tokens (NFTs).

Beltracchi has set up a new project, dubbed “The Greats,” a collection of 4,608 NFTs on the Ethereum blockchain.

The artworks are recreations of Salvator Mundi, the world’s most expensive painting and one of the most controversial artworks. The painting, believed to have been created by Leonardo da Vinci (circa 1490–1500), was sold for a record price tag of $450 million at Christie’s 2017 auction. It was sold to a proxy for Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince.

Beltracchi has recreated Salvator Mundi based on seven different eras in art history — High Renaissance (c. 1400–1550, began with the works of Leonardo da Vinci); Post-Impressionism (c. 1885–1910, Vincent van Gogh); Surrealism (c. 1917–1950, Salvador Dali); Cubism (c. 1907-1914, Pablo Picasso); Pop Art (c. 1950-1970; Roy Lichtenstein); Factory Art (c. 1962-1984, Andy Warhol) and Beltracchi — according to the Greats website.

Beltracchi has re-created famous paintings throughout his career of over three decades, but in the form of forgery, meaning he re-created works of famous artists and sold them in their names as original paintings when they were fake.

Beltracchi conned the art world out of an estimated €35 million between 1980 and 2011. He was sentenced to six years in jail in 2011 by German authorities but was freed in early 2015, having served just over three years in prison. His wife Helene was also sentenced as an accomplice to four years in jail.

Since his arrest, art museums, galleries, and auction houses have barred Beltracchi from exhibiting and selling his art. The 70-year old artist has now turned to the NFT space.

“The NFT market offer artists a platform to market themselves independently and makes them independent from traditional art market mechanisms,” said Beltracchi in a statement shared with The Block on Friday.

Salvator Mundi recreations

As part of his NFT collection, Beltracchi has re-created Salvator Mundi 4,608 times in his style and the styles of the six old masters listed above.

When asked why he chose Salvator Mundi for his NFT collection, a spokesperson for Beltracchi told The Block: “Beltracchi is the only person with the necessary skills to implement it. He has managed to fool the ‘art experts’ hundreds of times with his re-creations of famous painters’ work.”

But why would someone buy NFTs of the notorious art forger? Because “he is a highly skilled artist,” and “the art looks fantastic,” said the spokesperson.


Source: The Greats/ Alberto Venzago, a Swiss photographer

Not all the 4,608 NFTs are currently on display on The Greats website. All pieces will only be revealed when the sale starts in “8-10 days,” said the spokesperson.

The Greats will be making a “hidden sale,” they said. That means buyers won’t know what NFT they are minting. To ensure the highest level of arbitrariness, The Greats says it is using Chainlink’s Verifiable Random Function (VRF), a verifiable source of randomness designed for smart contracts. The purpose of using the Chainlink VRF is to ensure that NFTs don’t get “exploited” by parties such as a miner, said the spokesperson.

The Greats said it will also integrate The Graph’s tool for live infographics on its platform. Users can query live sales data, getting an experience of an actual auction, according to the spokesperson.

“This is what is possible today with digital art,” they said. “What you see on the canvas is not the only important thing. Everything around it, such as the sales mechanism, the record of each owner and sale, the technical implementation, are also part of the art.”

© 2021 The Block Crypto, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.

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Author: Yogita Khatri

Venezuela’s New Digital Bolivar Isn’t Digital, and It Won’t Solve the Country’s Economic Crisis

Ernesto, a gastronomic entrepreneur in Cumaná, a coastal Venezuelan city facing the Caribbean Sea, initially thought that Venezuela’s new digital bolivar — English translation of “bolivar digital” — would be similar to a central bank digital currency.

He even started talking with friends in different crypto chat rooms about the announcement, until he understood that “digital” was just in the name.

“It’s a normal currency, fiat money. They are going to print a bill,” said Ernesto, who preferred to keep his last name anonymous.

The Venezuelan government launched a digital bolivar last Friday, and it is already generating uncertainty and nervousness, several locals told CoinDesk.

The new bolivar appears to be yet another attempt by the government to combat hyperinflation. Last year, according to the local central bank, inflation reached 2,958%, and some would argue that it was even higher.

Now, the digital bolivar consists of a new series of five banknotes and a government-issued coin that replaces the previous currency, the bolivar soberano, which was also known as the sovereign bolivar (English translation of “bolivar soberano”) from which six zeros have been removed. In other words, one digital bolivar is worth the same as 1 million sovereign bolivars.

There are no digital components that make the bolívar digital different from the sovereign bolivars, which could also be transacted electronically, Miguel López, a financial and accounting consulting partner at EY Venezuela, said.

The digital bolivar represents the third removal of zeros from the Venezuelan currency since 2008, when then-President Hugo Chavez removed three zeros from the original bolivar and created the strong bolivar (English translation of “bolivar fuerte”).

In 2018, beset by hyperinflation, Nicolás Maduro, the current president, removed five zeros from the bolivar fuerte and created the sovereign bolivar, which was removed from circulation last week.

According to Lopez, the removal of six zeros seeks to solve a daily problem for companies, public entities and payment systems that face great difficulties in operating with so many digits. Until last week, a kilo of meat alone cost about 33 million bolivars.

The different kinds of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software commonly used by Venezuelan companies don’t support so many bolivars in a traditional transaction – SAP’s ERP software, for example, supports a maximum of 21 digits – and many companies were forced to divide the sale of services into up to 50 invoices, said López, who added that such a large number of numbers also generated confusion when doing calculations.

With the latest attempt to remove zeros, however, the new digital bolivar is introducing other problems. “There is some nervousness about the future of the exchange rate. People are getting rid of the local currency and are desperately looking for dollars to protect their purchasing power,” said Alejandro Castro, a Venezuelan economist and operations manager at consulting firm Econométrica.

In order to adapt to the new currency, the Venezuelan financial system was halted from Sept. 30 until Oct. 4. During that period, the unofficial quotation of the sovereign bolivar was devalued from 4 million per U.S dollar to 5.6 million, because the official market didn’t operate, Ernesto said.

After the system returned, and to calm the waters in the exchange market, the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV) injected $50 million into the official exchange market on Monday, which caused the new bolivar to appreciate against the U.S. dollar during the week.

José Guerra, an opposition congressman and economist, wondered in his Twitter account if the BCV will have enough reserves to maintain the current U.S. dollar rate.

“My answer is no,” he said, adding that the BCV is opting to burn the reserves it has to keep the U.S. dollar artificially low. That strategy, he added, could set the stage for a mega-devaluation in the immediate future.

“We’ve already seen that when the dollar has fallen and then risen,” he added.

A digital bolivar, but physical

“In the end, the digital bolivar is digital in name, not in practice,” Castro told CoinDesk.

The term “digital,” Castro added, is due to a future intention of Maduro to digitize transactions and reduce the use of banknotes.

“However, in practice, it is impossible to carry that out, due to a series of local limitations,” said Castro, who added that the banking penetration rate is 50% in the Latin American country.

The penetration rate of smartphones in Venezuela was 38% in 2018, according to a Pew Research Center study, even though locals consulted by CoinDesk said the figure is now 40% to 50%.

The approach of Maduro’s government to a digital currency began with the petro, an oil-backed cryptocurrency that was created in 2017 by his administration, apparently to evade the trade embargoes imposed by the U.S. government.

However, the petro lost its relevance in just three years.

“Even the Venezuelan government doesn’t want anything to do with the petro. It never followed up on it,” Ernesto said, adding that not even government entities use it for payments. Nor do gas stations, which are in private hands but which are closely regulated by the government.

But beyond the failure of the petro, crypto use hasn’t stopped growing in Venezuela, a country that in 2020 recorded the third-highest cryptocurrency usage in the world, according to Chainlink’s Global Crypto Adoption Index.

At his store, Ernesto mainly receives the tether (USDT) stablecoin, although he also accepts bitcoin, dash and bitcoin cash via Binance’s peer-to-peer service, which, he added, has greatly relieved local merchants.

“You get bolivar and convert it to crypto to hedge against inflation,” Ernesto affirmed, adding that he prefers to be paid later in dollars than with bolivars on the spot.

Crypto also grew because of the difficulties to conduct transactions in physical bolivars because high inflation and low denominations of banknotes meant piles of paper had to be carried to make even the smallest purchases.

The impossibility of paying with bolivars also led to the establishment of the U.S. dollar as the unit of reference. According to Castro, Venezuela is a de facto dollarized country, where prices are listed in U.S. dollars.

For smaller merchants, who work in dollars, the only thing that matters is U.S. currency. “For us, the bolivar is practically irrelevant. We pay suppliers in dollars, all prices are dollarized. The only payments in bolivars are basic services, such as water, electricity and telephony,” Ernesto said.

If Ernesto accepts bolivars, he immediately seeks to convert them to dollars through Reverse, a platform that allows the transfer of local money to reserve dollar, a stablecoin that maintains one-to-one parity with the U.S. dollar.

Nevin Freeman, Reserve’s CEO, told CoinDesk that the company went from 10,000 Venezuelan users in March to 50,000 today, while merchants accepting payments with the application went from 4,000 to 6,000.

According to Freeman, Venezuelans first used the platform to transfer money earned abroad to bolivars, but then to save in dollars. Now, they use Reserve directly to make payments without converting money to local currency, he added.

Everything remains the same

At present, the highest-denomination banknote of the digital bolivar is around $20, as opposed to the highest denomination of its predecessor, the sovereign bolivar, which was equal to $0.25, said Ernesto, who added that the change can make transactions easier because fewer banknotes are needed.

Back in 2018, Reuters photographer Carlos Garcia Rawlins showed in pictures the piles and piles of bolivars needed to buy such basic items as a kilo of chicken in Caracas, the capital city.

Angielo, a community manager from the city of Carora who owns cryptocurrencies, said bolivars are used in small towns or territories isolated from cities, such as fields, hamlets or villages, while the U.S dollar dominates transactions in general.

The shortage of physical money generates unusual situations, such as using gold as means of payment. That situation was recorded months ago by a Venezuelan in a supermarket in Bolivar, a state in the eastern part of Venezuela. The bolivar was used to wrap the gold.

Ernesto, for one, isn’t impressed by the government’s new announcement.

“We all already know that it will bring inflation, because in the last reconversions the same thing happened. They worked for a very short time, because the dollar started to increase. The reconversions are useless,” he said.

Eduardo, a data marketing executive in Caracas, said he believes that it is unsustainable to maintain the bolivar as the currency of common use, although he doesn’t think foreign currency will solve the problem, either.

“Without a sufficiently robust economic and legal framework to support these decisions, the government is condemned to repeat the cycle of devaluing the currency even more,” he said.

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Author: Andrés Engler


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